104.Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable Nouns

What is an uncountable noun?

Nouns that cannot be divided or counted as individual elements or separate parts are called uncountable nouns (also known as mass nouns or non-count nouns). These can be tangible objects (such as substances or collective categories of things), or intangible or abstract things, such as concepts or ideas. Nouns that can be divided are called countable nouns, or simply count nouns.

Here are some examples of uncountable nouns:
Substances
Collective categories
Abstract ideas or concepts
wood
smoke
air
water
furniture
homework
accommodation
luggage
love
hate
beauty
intelligence
arrogance
access
news*
(*Even though news ends in an “-s,” it is uncountable. We need this “-s” because without it, news would become new, which is an adjective.)
Using articles with uncountable nouns

Uncountable nouns cannot take the indefinite articles “a” or “an” in a sentence, because these words indicate a single amount of something. For example:
“Would you like tea?” (correct)
“Would you like a tea?” (incorrect)
“Do you have (some/any) information?” (correct)
“Do you have an information?” (incorrect)
(We often use the words “some” or “any” to indicate an unspecified quantity of uncountable nouns. We’ll investigate this more in a later part of this section.)
Although uncountable nouns cannot take a or an, they are sometimes able to take the definite article the, as in:
“Have you heard the news?”
“The furniture in my living room is old.”
However, this is only the case if a specific uncountable noun is being described. For example:
“I am looking for accommodation.” (correct)
“I am looking for the accommodation listed in this advertisement.” (correct—references a specific accommodation)
“I am looking for an accommodation.” (incorrect)
“I am looking for the accommodation.” (incorrect without additional information)
Uncountable nouns are not plural

Third-person singular vs. third-person plural pronouns

Just as uncountable nouns cannot take the indefinite articles “a” or “an” because there is not “one” of them, it is equally incorrect to use third-person plural pronouns with them, as they are not considered a collection of single things. For example:
Person A: “Your hair looks very nice today.”
Person B: “Yes, I washed it last night.” (correct)
Person B: “Yes, I washed them last night.” (incorrect)
Note that single hairs become countable. If there are two hairs on your jacket, you can say “hairs” or use the plural pronoun “they.” The hair on your head, however, is seen as an uncountable noun. We will discuss nouns that can be either countable or uncountable depending on context in greater detail further on.
Plural forms of the noun

We also cannot make uncountable nouns plural by adding “-s” on the end. Again, they are grammatically regarded as single, collective units. For example:
“We bought new camping equipment.” (correct)
“We bought new camping equipments.” (incorrect)
“The teacher gave us a lot of homework.” (Correct. We can use the quantifier “a lot” to indicate a large amount of an uncountable noun.)
“The teacher gave us many homeworks.” (Incorrect. We also cannot use the quantifier “many” with uncountable nouns, because it refers to individual things.)
Subject-verb agreement

Because uncountable nouns cannot be plural, it is very important to use the correct subject-verb agreement. Subject-verb agreement refers to using certain conjugations of verbs with singular vs. plural subjects. This happens most noticeably with the verb to be, which becomes is or was with singular subject nouns and are or were with plural subjects. Because uncountable nouns are grammatically singular, they must take singular forms of their verbs.
Here are a few examples illustrating this distinction:
“The furniture in my living room is old.” (correct)
“The furnitures in my living room are old.” (incorrect)
“The furnitures in my living room is old.” (incorrect)
“Their behavior is not good.” (correct)
“Their behaviors are not good.” (incorrect)
“The news is good.” (correct)
“The news are good.” (incorrect)
Measurements of distance, time, and amount

A notable exception to the subject-verb rule we just discussed relates to countable nouns that are describing measurements of distance, time, or amount. In this case, we consider the sum as a singular amount, and so they must take singular forms of their verbs. For example:
“$20,000 has been credited to your account.” (correct)
“$20,000 have been credited to your account.” (incorrect)
“I think 50 miles is too far to travel on foot.” (correct)
“I think 50 miles are too far to travel on foot.” (incorrect)
“Wow, two hours flies by when you’re having fun!” (correct)
“Wow, two hours fly by when you’re having fun!” (incorrect)
Making uncountable nouns countable

If we want to identify one or more specific “units” of an uncountable noun, then we must add more information to the sentence to make this clear.
For example, if you want to give someone advice in general, you could say:
“Can I give you advice?” or;
“Can I give you some advice?”
But if you wanted to emphasize that you’d like to give them a particular aspect or facet of advice, you could not say, “Can I give you an advice?” Instead, we have to add more information to specify what we want to give:
“Can I give you a piece of advice?”
By adding “piece of” to the uncountable noun advice, we have now made it functionally countable. This means that we can also make this phrase plural, though we have to be careful to pluralize the count noun that we’ve added, and not the uncountable noun itself. For example:
“Can I give you a few pieces of advice?”
Omitting the units from uncountable food and drink nouns

To make certain uncountable nouns plural, we add units of measurement to them, as in “pieces of advice,” which we looked at above. We also do this with uncountable nouns for food and drink:
“I’d like two glasses of water and three cups of coffee, please.”
“Chef, I need four bowls of chili and seven plates of beef, in a hurry!”
However, English speakers are fond of omitting parts of a phrase to speak more quickly or fluidly (a process called elision), and this is often done with the units of uncountable nouns. Because of this, it would not be uncommon to hear people say the previous two sentences without the units of measurement, simply making the uncountable nouns plural instead:
“I’d like two waters and three coffees, please.”
“Chef, I need four chilis and seven beefs, in a hurry!”
Note that this is quite informal, and it is not always acceptable to elide uncountable noun phrases. (It would sound awkward to say “four rices” instead of “four bowls of rice,” for example.) The only way to know when and if an uncountable noun for food or drink can be pluralized like this is to listen to the way native English speakers talk. If you are in doubt, simply include the units of measurement, as that will always be correct.
Using quantifiers with uncountable nouns

As we’ve already seen, certain quantifiers (a kind of determiner that specifies an amount of something) can only be used with uncountable nouns, while others can only modify countable nouns. While we will examine these more in depth in the chapter on Determiners, here are a few examples that cause particular confusion.
Too – Too Much – Too Many

We use too + an adjective to mean “beyond what is needed or desirable,” as in, “It is too big.”
Too much, on the other hand, is used to modify uncountable nouns, while too many is used with countable nouns—they are not used with adjectives. For example, the following sentences would both be incorrect:
“It is too much big.”
“It is too many big.”
One particular source of confusion that can arise here is the fact that much can be used as an adverb before too to give it emphasis, as in:
“It is much too big.”
We also must be sure not to use too much with a countable noun, nor too many with an uncountable noun.
“I have too many pieces of furniture.” (correct)
“I have too much pieces of furniture.” (incorrect)
“I have too much furniture.” (correct)
“I have too many furniture.” (incorrect)
Fewer vs. Less

The conventional rule regarding less vs. fewer is that we use fewer with countable nouns and less with uncountable nouns. For example:
“I have fewer friends than Jill has.” (correct)
“I have less friends than Jill has.” (incorrect)
“I have less money than he has.” (correct)
“I have fewer money than he has.” (incorrect)
The rule carries over when we add words to an uncountable noun to make a countable phrase (as we looked at above). We can see this distinction in the following examples:
“I want less toast.” (toast is uncountable)
“I want fewer pieces of toast.” (pieces of toast is countable)
“There is less water in the jug.” (water is uncountable)
“There are fewer cups of water in the jug.” (cups of water is countable)
Measurements of distance, time, and amount

As we noted above, measurements of distance, time, or amount for nouns that we would normally consider countable (and thus plural) end up taking singular verbs. Likewise, these terms also take the word less, most often in the construction less than. For example:
“$20,000 is less than we expected to pay.”
“We walked less than 50 miles to get here.”
“We have less than two hours to finish this project.”
“I weigh 20 pounds less than I used to.”
Note, however, that we generally can’t use less before these kinds of nouns:
“We have less $20,000.” (incorrect)
“I ran less 10 miles.” (incorrect)
Less is also used with countable nouns in the construction one less _____, as in:
“That is one less problem to worry about.”
Fewer can also be used (albeit less commonly), but the construction usually changes to one ______ fewer, as in:
“That is one problem fewer to worry about.”
Rule or non-rule?

It is important to note that many grammar guides dispute the necessity of this supposed “rule,” referencing that it was in fact implemented as a stylistic preference by the 1770 grammarian Robert Baker, and that fewer and less had been used interchangeably for countable and uncountable nouns for hundreds of years before that. Specifically, it is considered by some as acceptable to use less with countable nouns, especially in informal or colloquial writing and speech.
As long as the sentence does not sound awkward, it is probably safe to do so. However, many still regard the fewer vs. less rule as indisputable, so it is recommended to adhere to the rule for professional, formal, or academic writing.
Nouns that are both countable and uncountable

The general idea of countable versus uncountable nouns is simple. If something can be counted with numbers, then it is countable, as the name suggests; if not, then it is uncountable.
However, words in English often carry a number of different meanings, and these can affect whether a word will be considered countable in one instance compared to another.
Take, for instance, the following example featuring the abstract noun love:
“He’s just looking for love.”
This is a clear instance of an uncountable noun. The abstract idea of love cannot be counted with numbers and is thus uncountable. However, the word love can also mean “a person or thing one loves.” When carrying this particular meaning, love is countable. For example:
“I have two loves in my life: my wife and my work.”
Likewise, many things we would normally consider to be countable have meanings that render them uncountable. For instance:
“How many stones did they use to build this wall?” (countable—This refers to individual stones.)
“This tablet is made of stone.” (uncountable—Stone in this sense refers to the material that composes the tablet; substances and materials are uncountable.)
Because the concrete noun stone has a subtly different meaning in these two different sentences, it is considered countable in one and uncountable in the other. Let’s look at some common examples to help reinforce the concept:
“She doesn’t like hearing any criticism.” (uncountable—the act of making a critical comment or judgment)
“I have a couple of criticismsto share.” (countable—individual critical comments or judgments)
“How many chickens does your uncle own?” (countable—individual live chickens)
“I think I’ll have chicken for dinner.” (uncountable—the meat of the chicken as a substance or material)
“We must all strive to avoid sin.” (uncountable—the idea or concept of sin itself)
“The politician has too many sins to count on one hand.” (countable—individual acts or instances of sin)
These are just a few examples of nouns that can be both countable and uncountable, depending on context and specific meaning. There are far, far too many to list every single one here, so you simply have to know which meaning a word carries in a given context and decide whether that meaning makes the noun countable or uncountable.